Fig. 6

DIPA Graph for Patients Previously on Opioids and Opioid Naïve. Detroit Interventional Pain Assessment (DIPA) graph for patients previously on opioids and those who were opioid naïve. Medication classes are represented as A (no medication, 0 Morphine Milligram Equivalent (MME)), B (Over-the-counter medication, 0 MME), C (occasional use of short-acting narcotics, 1–30 MMEs), D (consistent use of short-acting narcotics, 31–79 MMEs), and E (long-acting narcotics). The percentage of patients in each medication class with their pain assessment (green = no pain/tolerable pain, red = intolerable pain) is displayed for the entire six-month study period. Efficiency scores are represented as percentages and average daily MMEs are displayed at each postoperative period. A statistical difference in the percentage of patients using narcotics between patients previously on opioids and opioid naïve patients is represented by an asterisk