Table 1 Patient demographics

Baseline characteristics

Age [median (25 th, 75 th)]

70 (66–75)

70 (67–75)

70 (65–75)

71 (67–76)

Sex

 Female

1458/2416 (60.3%)

783/1250 (62.6%)

524/909 (57.6%)

151/257 (58.8%)

 Male

958/2416 (39.7%)

467/1250 (37.4%)

385/909 (42.4%)

106/257 (41.2%)

Race

 American Indian or Alaskan Native

 < 11/2416 (< 0.5%)

 < 11/1250 (< 0.9%)

 < 11/909 (< 1.2%)

0/257 (0.00%)

 Asian

 > 24/2416 (> 0.1%)

22/1250 (1.80%)

 < 11/909 (< 1.2%)

 < 11/257 (< 4.3%)

 Black or African American

413/2416 (17.1%)

229/1250 (18.3%)

149/909 (16.4%)

35/257 (13.6%)

 Caucasian/White

1930/2416 (79.9%)

972/1250 (77.8%)

739/909 (81.3%)

219/257 (85.2%)

 Not reported

 < 33/2416 (< 1.4%)

 < 11/1250 (< 0.9%)

 < 11/909 (< 1.2%)

 < 11/257 (< 4.3%)

 Other

44/2416 (1.0%)

18/1250 (1.4%)

 < 11/909 (< 1.2%)

 < 11/257 (< 4.3%)

Ethnicity

 Hispanic or Latino

 < 30/2416 (< 1.2%)

19/1250 (2.5%)

 < 11/909 (< 1.2%)

 < 11/257 (< 4.3%)

 Not Hispanic/Latino

2355/2416 (97.5%)

1219/1250 97.5%)

885/909 (97.4%)

251/257 (97.7%)

 Not reported

 > 30/2416 (> 1.2%)

12/1250 (1.0%)

 > 18/909 (> 2.0%)

 < 11/257 (< 4.3%)

BMI [median (25 th, 75 th)]

29.57 (25.97–33.59)

30.65 (26.98–34.64)

27.98 (24.84–32.28)

29.41 (26.05–33.50)

Tobacco use

 Never

1177/2401 (49.0%)

626/1244 (50.3%)

424/902 (47.0%)

127/255 (49.8%)

 Passive

 < 11/2401 (0.5%)

 < 11/1244 (< 0.9%)

 < 11/902 (< 1.2%)

0/255 (0.00%)

 Quit

 > 1070/2401 (> 44.6%)

 > 550/1244 (> 44.2%)

 > 48/902 (> 45.2%)

112/255 (43.9%)

 Yes

143/2401 (6.0%)

61/1244 (4.9%)

66/902 (7.3%)

16/255 (6.3%)

Alcohol

 Defer

 < 11/2399 (< 0.5%)

 < 11/1244 (< 0.9%)

 < 11/901 (< 1.2%)

0/254 (0.00%)

 Never

 > 27/2399 (> 1.1%)

15/1244 (1.2%)

11/901 (1.2%)

 < 11/254 (< 4.3%)

 No

1011/2399 (42.1%)

550/1244 (44.2%)

356/901 (39.5%)

105/254 (41.3%)

 Not asked

 < 11/2399 (< 0.5%)

 < 11/1244 (< 0.9%)

 < 11/901 (< 1.2%)

 < 11/254 (< 4.3%)

 Not currently

61/2399 (2.5%)

19/1244 (1.5%)

29/901 (3.2%)

13/254 (5.1%)

 Yes

1291/2399 (53.8%)

659/1244 (53.0%)

501/901 (55.6%)

131/254 (51.6%)

Elixhauser comorbidities

 AIDS

 < 22/2416 (< 0.9%)

 < 11/1250 (< 0.9%)

 < 11/909 (< 1.2%)

0/257 (0.0%)

 Alcohol abuse^a

 < 22/2416 (< 0.9%)

 < 11/1250 (< 0.9%)

 < 11/909 (< 1.2%)

0/257 (0.0%)

 Deficiency Anemias

422/2416 (17.5%)

230/1250 (18.4%)

134/909 (14.7%)

58/257 (22.6%)

 Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vas

181/2416 (7.5%)

95/1250 (7.6%)

65/909 (7.2%)

21/257 (8.2%)

 Chronic blood loss anemia

 > 36/2416 (> 1.5%)

18/1250 (1.4%)

17/909 (1.9%)

 < 11/257 (< 4.3%)

 Congestive heart failure

168/2416 (7.0%)

76/1250 (6.1%)

65/909 (7.2%)

27/257 (10.5%)

 Chronic pulmonary disease

413/2416 (17.1%)

215/1250 (17.2%)

146/909 (16.1%)

52/257 (20.2%)

 Coagulopathy

99/2416 (4.1%)

53/1250 (4.2%)

34/909 (3.7%)

12/257 (4.7%)

 Depression^a

434/2416 (18.0%)

221/1250 (17.7%)

147/909 (16.2%)

66/257 (25.7%)

 Diabetes w/o chronic complications

501/2416 (20.7%)

284/1250 (22.7%)

150/909 (16.5%)

67/257 (26.1%)

 Diabetes w/chronic complications

249/2416 (10.3%)

139/1250 (11.1%)

75/909 (8.3%)

35/257 (13.6%)

 Drug abuse^a

0/2416 (0.0%)

0/1250 (0.0%)

0/909 (0.0%)

0/257 (0.0%)

 Hypertension

1716/2416 (71.0%)

923/1250 (73.8%)

610/909 (67.1%)

183/257 (71.2%)

 Hypothyroidism

447/2416 (18.5%)

247/1250 (19.8%)

154/909 (16.9%)

46/257 (17.9%)

 Liver disease

111/2416 (4.6%)

56/1250 (4.5%)

39/909 (4.3%)

16/257 (6.2%)

 Lymphoma

 > 22/2416 (> 0.9%)

12/1250 (1.0%)

 < 11/909 (< 1.2%)

 < 11/257 (< 4.3%)

 Fluid and electrolyte disorders

338/2416 (14.0%)

161/1250 (12.9%)

137/909 (15.1%)

40/257 (15.6%)

 Metastatic cancer

 > 37/2416 (> 1.5%)

13/1250 (1.0%)

18/909 (2.0%)

 < 11/257 (< 4.3%)

 Other neurological disorders

218/2416 (9.0%)

110/1250 (8.8%)

78/909 (8.6%)

30/257 (11.7%)

 Obesity

540/2416 (22.4%)

307/1250 (24.6%)

168/909 (18.5%)

65/257 (25.3%)

 Paralysis

 < 33/2416 (< 1.4%)

 < 11/1250 (< 0.9%)

 < 11/909 (< 1.2%)

 < 11/257 (< 4.3%)

 Peripheral vascular disease

273/2416 (11.3%)

125/1250 (10.0%)

113/909 (12.4%)

35/257 (13.6%)

 Psychoses^a

197/2416 (8.2%)

103/1250 (8.2%)

62/909 (6.8%)

32/257 (12.5%)

 Pulmonary circulation disease

 > 80/2416 (> 3.3%)

36/1250 (2.9%)

37/909 (4.1%)

 < 11/257 (< 4.3%)

 Renal failure

195/2416 (8.1%)

84/1250 (6.7%)

82/909 (9.0%)

29/257 (11.3%)

 Solid tumor w/out metastasis

363/2416 (15.0%)

186/1250 (14.9%)

136/909 (15.0%)

41/257 (16.0%)

 Peptic ulcer disease without bleeding

 > 20/2416 (> 0.8%)

10/1250 (0.8%)

10/909 (1.1%)

 < 11/257 (< 4.3%)

 Valvular disease

277/2416 (11.5%)

140/1250 (11.2%)

103/909 (11.3%)

34/257 (13.2%)

 Weight loss

 > 68/2416 (> 2.8%)

29/1250 (2.3%)

33/909 (3.6%)

 < 11/257 (< 4.3%)

Elixhauser calculated scores

 Mortality Index Score [median (25 th, 75 th)]

0 (− 1–6)

0 (− 2–6)

0 (− 1–7)

0 (− 2–7)

 Readmission Index Score [median (25 th, 75 th)]

9 (0–21)

10 (0–21)

8 (0–20)

11 (2–28)