Table 1 Risk of bias assessment tool, adapted from the Risk of Bias Tool for Prevalence Studies developed by Hoy et al
Studies | Assessment Domain | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Was the study’s target population a close representation of the national population in relation to relevant variables, e.g., age, sex, occupation? | 2. Was the sampling frame a true or close representation of the target population? | 3. Was some form of random selection used to select the sample, OR was a census undertaken? | 4. Was the likelihood of non-response bias minimal? | 5. Were data collected directly from the subjects (as opposed to a proxy)? | 6. Was an acceptable case definition used in the study? | 7. Was the study instrument that measured the parameter of interest shown to have reliability and validity (if necessary)? | 8. Was the same mode of data collection used for all subjects? | 9. Were the numerator(s) and denominator(s) for the parameter of interest appropriate? | 10. Risk level (0–3, Low; 4–6, moderate; 7–9, high) | |
MacDessi et al. [27] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Corban et al. [12] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Tarassoli et al. [36] | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 2, Low |
Tarassoli et al. [35] | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 3, Low |
Hazratwala et al. [18] | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 3, Low |
Kim et al. [21] | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 4, Moderate |
Moore et al. [28] | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 2, Low |
Franceschetti et al. [14] | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 3, Low |
Dragosloveanu et al. [13] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Huber et al. [20] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
León-Muñoz et al. [23] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Sappey-Marinier et al. [32] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Loddo et al. [26] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Pangaud et al. [31] | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 3, Low |
Åženel et al. [33] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Steele et al. [34] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Grant et al. [16] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Morrisey et al. [29] | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 3, Low |
Hsu et al. [19] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Li et al. [24] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Liu et al. [25] | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 3, Low |
Gao et al. [15] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Toyooka et al. [6] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Nomoto et al. [7] | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 2, Low |
Harada et al. [17] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Konishi et al. [22] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Mulpur et al. [30] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Yang et al. [37] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |
Coetzee et al. [8] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 1, Low |